GTUWREH

Groundwater Hydrology:  Occurrence, Darcy’s law,  Well hydraulics,  Well losses,  Yield, Pumping and  recuperation test.

  Tutorial: Computation of Live and Dead Storage Capacity of a Reservoir Objective To compute the live and dead storage capacities of a reservoir using the Elevation-Area-Capacity method. Introduction Reservoir capacity is divided into three major components: Live Storage – The volume of water between the Full Reservoir Level (FRL) and the Minimum Drawdown Level (MDDL) . Dead Storage – The volume of water below the MDDL , which is not available for regular usage. Total Storage – The sum of live and dead storage capacities. The Elevation-Area-Capacity curve or table provides the necessary data for computing the storage capacity. Fixing FRL and MDDL The Full Reservoir Level (FRL) and Minimum Drawdown Level (MDDL) are determined based on several key factors: Full Reservoir Level (FRL) FRL is the highest level to which a reservoir is allowed to fill under normal operating conditions. It is determined based on: Catchment Yield Analysis – The assessment of annual and seasonal in...

  Flow Duration Curve (FDC): A Comprehensive Overview Conceptual Understanding of Flow Duration Curves (FDCs) What is a Flow Duration Curve (FDC), and what does it represent? A Flow Duration Curve (FDC) is a graphical representation of the percentage of time a specific streamflow is equaled or exceeded over a given period. It provides insights into the variability and availability of river discharge, helping in water resource management, hydropower assessment, and ecological studies. How is an FDC constructed? An FDC is developed using historical flow records by: Collecting discharge data (daily, monthly, or annual values). Sorting the data in descending order (highest to lowest flow). Assigning a rank to each discharge value. Calculating the exceedance probability using: where m is the rank and n is the total number of observations. Plotting the exceedance probability against the discharge values. What is the significance of the exceedance probability in an FDC? The exceedance ...

 

Detailed Notes on Hydrograph Concepts with Examples 1. Hydrograph Definition A hydrograph is a graphical representation of stream discharge (flow rate) over time at a specific point in a river or stream. It typically illustrates how a river's flow changes in response to a precipitation event, showing the relationship between rainfall and runoff. Discharge Units: Cubic meters per second (m³/s) in the metric system Cubic feet per second (cfs) in the imperial system Example: After a heavy rainfall, a hydrograph for a river might show a sharp rise in discharge, peaking after a few hours, and then gradually falling as the water drains from the watershed. --- 2. Hyetograph Definition A hyetograph is a bar graph representing rainfall intensity over time, commonly used in hydrological analysis to understand how rainfall contributes to runoff. Graph Representation: X-axis: Time (in hours or minutes) Y-axis: Rainfall intensity (in mm/h or inches/h) Example: For a 6-hour rainfall event, a hye...

Watershed characteristics directly influence hydrological processes, impacting runoff volume, peak flow, and timing. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for effective watershed management and predicting runoff behavior. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2172 (Source:  http://cas.umkc.edu/geosciences/env-sci/module9/h20shed.GIF  accessed on 2 October 2013) Source: http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2172 Diagram Defining Basin Length. (Source:  Zavoianu, 2011) ( Source: http://www.fgmorph.com/fg_4_8.php) C haracteristic/Term Formula/Description Significance for Hydrology & Runoff Drainage Basin/Watershed Area draining to a point Defines the area contributing to runoff. Drainage Divide Boundary between basins Separates adjacent watersheds. Concentration Point Outlet point Measurement location for stream flow. Time of Concentration (Tc) Time for water to reach outlet from farthest point Determines peak flow timing...